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The NDB and BRICS in global governance reform

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President Xi at BRICS Business Forum, Beijing, China, 22 June 2022 (Photo: Reuters/China Out).

Author: Silvia Menegazzi, LUISS

On 7 December 2022, Egypt ratified its participation in the New Development Bank (NDB) — a multilateral development bank (MDB) established in 2015 under the direct guidance of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). Egypt followed after the admission of Bangladesh, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay in 2021.

The NDB aims to ‘mobilise resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS countries and other emerging economies and developing countries’. The bank has partnerships with fellow multilateral development banks such as the World Bank, the African Development Bank and key national and global institutions including the China Construction Bank and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Since its foundation, the NDB has signed 35 Memorandums of Understanding with various institutions, such as national development banks, enterprises and academia.

As of 2015, the NDB has approved 84 projects in transport, urban development, public health, information and communication technology, water resource management and sustainable infrastructure. So far, all projects are in BRICS countries. But given the NDB’s expanded membership and the investment and financing gaps of developing countries to fund infrastructure development, the bank will likely expand its funding operations beyond the BRICS.

In theory, membership is open to any country beyond the five founders. But in practice, there are specific acceptance criteria countries must possess. In an unpublished interview, an NDB vice president explained the three criteria of the NDB Task Force on membership expansion. This includes a legitimate need to finance sustainable infrastructure projects, a firm commitment to multilateralism in parallel with a sound sovereign credit risk rating and a disentangled political alignment that will not antagonise any NDB member.

The main factors that prompted the NDB to welcome Egypt as a new member are less obvious. According to a 2018 World Bank Group report, Egypt faces a significant infrastructure financing gap over the next 20 years with a US$230 billion investment gap overall. This, alongside Egypt’s need to modernise, caused a scrambled competition between Western countries, China and Russia.

Egypt does not share geographic borders with any BRICS country. But it enjoys good political and economic relations with both China and Russia.

In 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi signed a Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation treaty. El-Sisi defined it as a new chapter in the history of Egypt–Russia cooperation. In September 2022, Putin declared Egypt as one of Russia’s most important partners in Africa and the Arab world. As geopolitical tensions rise between the West and Russia, Moscow’s interests in the Global South — such as increasing the number of countries not opposing Russia’s violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty — cannot be underestimated.

China and Egypt are also strategic partners and have stepped up their economic cooperation. China is Egypt’s top commercial partner and Egypt is the largest recipient of China’s foreign direct investment in Africa. Egypt is also the first Middle Eastern nation to get financial assistance from the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, a China-led multilateral development bank. Beijing is even building a new Egyptian capital as part of a US$3 billion investment under the Belt and Road Initiative.

There are growing concerns about the extent that the BRICS as a group can frame discourses about international development and global governance. The XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration published in June 2022 reiterated the group’s commitment to multilateralism through international law and the intent to advance sustainable development. Yet the Declaration also signals the BRICS countries’ intention to expand their global outreach. It does so by referring to the BRICS Outreach/BRICS+ approach, a framework created for ‘greater interaction and partnerships among countries of the Global South to shape the agenda to effect changes in the global economy’.

The NDB’s mission is framed as bridging gaps between the needs and funding of developing and low-income countries. Yet its limited involvement with global governance measures that deal with unsustainable debt — such as the Common Framework endorsed in November 2022 by the G20 with the Paris Club — raises questions about the NDB’s real commitment to debt…

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Business

Gordonstoun Severs Connections with Business Led by Individual Accused of Espionage for China

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Gordonstoun school severed ties with Hampton Group over espionage allegations against chairman Yang Tengbo. He denies involvement and claims to be a victim of political tensions between the UK and China.


Allegations Lead to School’s Decision

Gordonstoun School in Moray has cut ties with Hampton Group International after serious allegations surfaced regarding its chairman, Yang Tengbo, who is accused of being a spy for the Chinese government. Known by the alias "H6," Mr. Tengbo was involved in a deal that aimed to establish five new schools in China affiliated with Gordonstoun. However, the recent allegations compelled the school to terminate their agreement.

Public Denial and Legal Action

In response to the spying claims, Mr. Tengbo publicly revealed his identity, asserting that he has committed no wrongdoing. A close associate of Prince Andrew and a former Gordonstoun student himself, Mr. Tengbo has strenuously denied the accusations, stating that he is a target of the escalating tensions between the UK and China. He has claimed that his mistreatment is politically motivated.

Immigration Challenges and Legal Responses

Yang Tengbo, also known as Chris Yang, has faced additional challenges regarding his immigration status in the UK. After losing an appeal against a ban enacted last year, he reiterated his innocence, condemning media speculation while emphasizing his commitment to clear his name. Gordonstoun, on its part, stated its inability to divulge further details due to legal constraints.

Source : Gordonstoun cuts ties with business chaired by man accused of spying for China

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Business

China Dismantles Prominent Uyghur Business Landmark in Xinjiang – Shia Waves

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The Chinese government demolished the Rebiya Kadeer Trade Center in Xinjiang, affecting Uyghur culture and commerce, prompting criticism from activists amid concerns over cultural erasure and human rights violations.


Demolition of a Cultural Landmark

The Chinese government recently demolished the Rebiya Kadeer Trade Center in Urumqi, Xinjiang, a vital hub for Uyghur culture and commerce, as reported by VOA. This center, once inhabited by more than 800 predominantly Uyghur-owned businesses, has been deserted since 2009. Authorities forcibly ordered local business owners to vacate the premises before proceeding with the demolition, which took place without any public notice.

Condemnation from Activists

Uyghur rights activists have condemned this demolition, perceiving it as part of China’s broader strategy to undermine Uyghur identity and heritage. The event has sparked heightened international concern regarding China’s policies in Xinjiang, which have been characterized by allegations of mass detentions and cultural suppression, prompting claims of crimes against humanity.

Rebiya Kadeer’s Response

Rebiya Kadeer, the center’s namesake and a notable Uyghur rights advocate, criticized the demolition as a deliberate attempt to erase her legacy. Kadeer, who has been living in exile in the U.S. since her release from imprisonment in 2005, continues to advocate for Uyghur rights. She has expressed that her family members have suffered persecution due to her activism, while the Chinese government has yet to comment on the legal ramifications of the demolition.

Source : China Demolishes Uyghur Business Landmark in Xinjiang – Shia Waves

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China

China Expands Nationwide Private Pension Scheme After Two-Year Pilot Program

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China’s private pension scheme, previously piloted in 36 cities, will roll out nationwide on December 15, 2024, enabling workers to open tax-deferred accounts. The initiative aims to enhance retirement savings, address aging population challenges, and stimulate financial sector growth.


After a two-year pilot program, China has officially expanded its private pension scheme nationwide. Starting December 15, 2024, workers covered by urban employee basic pension insurance or urban-rural resident basic pension insurance across the country can participate in this supplementary pension scheme. This nationwide rollout represents a significant milestone in China’s efforts to build a comprehensive pension system, addressing the challenges of a rapidly aging population.

On December 12, 2024, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, together with four other departments including the Ministry of Finance, the State Taxation Administration, the Financial Regulatory Administration, and the China Securities Regulatory Commission, announced the nationwide implementation of China’s private pension scheme effective December 15, 2024. The initiative extends eligibility to all workers enrolled in urban employee basic pension insurance or urban-rural resident basic pension insurance.

A notable development is the expansion of tax incentives for private pensions, previously limited to pilot cities, to a national scale. Participants can now enjoy these benefits across China, with government agencies collaborating to ensure seamless implementation and to encourage broad participation through these enhanced incentives.

China first introduced its private pension scheme in November 2022 as a pilot program covering 36 cities and regions, including major hubs like Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an, and Chengdu. Under the program, individuals were allowed to open tax-deferred private pension accounts, contributing up to RMB 12,000 (approximately $1,654) annually to invest in a range of retirement products such as bank deposits, mutual funds, commercial pension insurance, and wealth management products.

Read more about China’s private pension pilot program launched two years ago: China Officially Launches New Private Pension Scheme – Who Can Take Part?

The nationwide implementation underscores the Chinese government’s commitment to addressing demographic challenges and promoting economic resilience. By providing tax advantages and expanding access, the scheme aims to incentivize long-term savings and foster greater participation in personal retirement planning.

The reform is expected to catalyze growth in China’s financial and insurance sectors while offering individuals a reliable mechanism to enhance their retirement security.


This article was first published by China Briefing , which is produced by Dezan Shira & Associates. The firm assists foreign investors throughout Asia from offices across the world, including in in ChinaHong KongVietnamSingapore, and India . Readers may write to info@dezshira.com for more support.

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